TFY: Chapter 11 – Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Fallacies Exercise
Class Discussion Exercise – Page 333:
List the contradictions you find in the following examples.
1. I love mankind; it’s just I can’t stand people.
Contradiction: Mankind is made up of people – Loving mankind (people), but not being able to stand people (mankind) is the contradiction.
2. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has imposed strict penalties for employees at nuclear plants found to be stoned from illicit drug use on the job; but no penalties were prescribed for workers discovered to be drunk at the nuclear controls. ( David Freudberg, KCBS Radio, February 16, 1990)
Contradiction: They imposed punishment for drug use, but not alcohol use?!?! This is the same difference. Being under the influence of a mind altering substance should be punished the same.
3. I’d like to order one Big Mac, large fries, twenty chicken nuggets, two apple pies, one chocolate sundae, and a diet Coke, please.
Contradiction: Here the person is ordering all these fatty foods and dessert, but then also orders a somewhat healthier beverage. That is the contradiction.
4. Capital punishment is our society’s recognition of the sanctity of human life. (Sen. Orrin Hatch, R-Utah)
Contradiction: The sanctity of human life is the direct opposite of capital punishment.
5. The more killing and homicides you have, the more havoc it prevents. (Richard M. Daley, former mayor of Chicago)
Contradiction: I would think killing & homicides would be considered havoc!
Tuesday, March 31, 2009
Tuesday, March 24, 2009
Journal Entry
I am working hard from here on out ('till the end of the semester) to get ahead in my homework. I really want to be able to focus on all the finals at the end of semester. I don't want to be stressed and worried about getting all my assignments completed. I think so far so good. I am a couple weeks ahead in the assignments right now. If I keep it up, I should be on track.
CRCB - Chapter 8 - Textbook Methods of Organization Exercise
CRCB – Chapter 8 Textbook Methods of Organization Exercise
Exercise 8h – Internet Exercise – Page 272:
Journalists typically omit organizational word clues because they have a limited amount of space for their stories, and they want to reserve as much space as possible for content. Access the following Internet source: www.ABCNEWS.com and pick a story. Print it out, read it, and infer the overall organizational method. Add OWCs that you think would help others identify the overall organizational method, ones the writer might have used if space had not been a constraint.
Eating Too Much Red Meat May Shorten Life
Major Study Finds an Effect, but Critics Say Meat Offers Important Nutrients
By Amanda Gardner
HealthDay Reporter
Mar. 23
MONDAY, March 23 (HealthDay News) -- Diets high in red meat and in processed meat shorten life span not just from cancer and heart disease but from Alzheimer's, stomach ulcers and an array of other conditions as well, a U.S. National Cancer Institute study has found.
In fact, reducing meat consumption to the amount eaten by the bottom 20 percent seen in the study would save 11 percent of men's lives and 16 percent of women's, according to the study.
"The consumption of red meat was associated with a modest increase in total mortality," said Rashmi Sinha, lead author of the study in the March 23 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine.
"This fits together with the findings of the American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Cancer Society, which recommend limiting the consumption of red meat," added Sinha, who is a senior investigator with the nutrition epidemiological branch in the cancer epidemiology and genetics division at the Cancer Institute. "This is something new in the sense of mortality."
Previous studies of red meat had mostly found an association with cancer incidence. The authors pointed out that many pooled studies had been conducted by vegetarian groups.
Last year, U.S. National Cancer Institute researchers reported that a quarter-pound hamburger or a small pork chop eaten daily could put you at increased risk for a variety of cancers. The message from the latest study echoes that finding: The more red meat and processed meat you eat, the greater your risk for dying of cancer.
But the American Meat Institute objected to the conclusion, saying in a statement that the study relied on "notoriously unreliable self-reporting about what was eaten in the preceding five years. This imprecise approach is like relying on consumers' personal characterization of their driving habits in prior years in determining their likelihood of having an accident in the future."
"Meat is an excellent source of zinc, iron, B12 and other essential vitamins and minerals," the statement continued. "The U.S. Dietary Guidelines say to eat a balanced diet that includes lean meat. In this way, you derive a wide array of nutrients from many different sources. It's the best return on a nutritional investment you can get."
How Much Red Meat is Healthy?
Dr. Michael Thun, vice president emeritus of epidemiology and surveillance research at the American Cancer Society, however, said the study's findings "support previous studies and also support the American Cancer Society nutrition guidelines."
Those guidelines include choosing fish, poultry or beans instead of beef, pork and lamb; choosing leaner cuts of meat; and baking, broiling or poaching meat rather than frying or charbroiling it.
For the study, the researchers looked at what more than a half-million people, ages 50 to 71, were eating over the span of a decade. Participants tended to be white and educated with fewer smokers and more vegetable-and-fruit eaters than in the general population. During that time, more than 71,000 people died.
Men and women eating the highest amount of red meat were found to have a 31 percent and 36 percent, respectively, higher risk of dying from any cause than those eating the least amount.
Women eating the most processed meat were 25 percent more likely to die early than those eating the least of this type of meat, while men had a 16 percent increased risk, the study found.
Causes of death for those in the study included diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, ulcers, pneumonia, influenza, liver disease, HIV, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and more.
Dying from cancer also was more likely among those eating the most red meat: 22 percent higher for men, 20 percent for women. The risk for death from cancer increased 12 percent for men and 11 percent for women who ate the greatest amount of processed meat.
Similarly, the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease was higher by 27 percent for men and 50 percent for women; for processed red meat, the risk was 9 percent higher for men and 38 percent higher for women.
However, people who ate the most white meat showed a lower risk of dying.
The authors also noted a 24 percent higher risk of dying from heart problems among men who had never smoked and who ate more white meat. Women faced a 20 percent higher risk.
Does Red Meat Give You Cancer?
Meat contains many carcinogens as well as saturated fat, which might explain the increased mortality risk, the authors stated.
Dr. Jay Brooks, chairman of hematology/oncology at Ochsner Health System in Baton Rouge, La., described the study's findings as "provocative."
"The question is how much of it is the meat and how much is the extra calories," Brooks said. "Calories per se are a strong determinant for death from cancer and heart disease. This should make us think about our calorie intake."
More information
The American Dietetic Association has more on healthy eating.
SOURCES: Rashmi Sinha, Ph.D., senior investigator, nutrition epidemiological branch, division of cancer epidemiology and genetics, U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.; Michael Thun, M.D., vice president emeritus, epidemiology and surveillance research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta; Jay Brooks, M.D., chairman, hematology/oncology, Ochsner Health System, Baton Rouge, La.; March 23, 2009, statement, American Meat Institute, Washington, D.C.; March 23, 2009, Archives of Internal Medicine
Copyright 2009 HealthDayNews, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Copyright © 2009 ABC News Internet Ventures
In the story that I copied and pasted above, I would say the primary organization method is cause and effect. I have underlined some OWCs and phrases/ sentences that I feel the author used in their article that would help a reader determine this is a cause and effect organized article. I think the author showing a bunch of statistics helped her cause and effect organization method too.
Exercise 8h – Internet Exercise – Page 272:
Journalists typically omit organizational word clues because they have a limited amount of space for their stories, and they want to reserve as much space as possible for content. Access the following Internet source: www.ABCNEWS.com and pick a story. Print it out, read it, and infer the overall organizational method. Add OWCs that you think would help others identify the overall organizational method, ones the writer might have used if space had not been a constraint.
Eating Too Much Red Meat May Shorten Life
Major Study Finds an Effect, but Critics Say Meat Offers Important Nutrients
By Amanda Gardner
HealthDay Reporter
Mar. 23
MONDAY, March 23 (HealthDay News) -- Diets high in red meat and in processed meat shorten life span not just from cancer and heart disease but from Alzheimer's, stomach ulcers and an array of other conditions as well, a U.S. National Cancer Institute study has found.
In fact, reducing meat consumption to the amount eaten by the bottom 20 percent seen in the study would save 11 percent of men's lives and 16 percent of women's, according to the study.
"The consumption of red meat was associated with a modest increase in total mortality," said Rashmi Sinha, lead author of the study in the March 23 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine.
"This fits together with the findings of the American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Cancer Society, which recommend limiting the consumption of red meat," added Sinha, who is a senior investigator with the nutrition epidemiological branch in the cancer epidemiology and genetics division at the Cancer Institute. "This is something new in the sense of mortality."
Previous studies of red meat had mostly found an association with cancer incidence. The authors pointed out that many pooled studies had been conducted by vegetarian groups.
Last year, U.S. National Cancer Institute researchers reported that a quarter-pound hamburger or a small pork chop eaten daily could put you at increased risk for a variety of cancers. The message from the latest study echoes that finding: The more red meat and processed meat you eat, the greater your risk for dying of cancer.
But the American Meat Institute objected to the conclusion, saying in a statement that the study relied on "notoriously unreliable self-reporting about what was eaten in the preceding five years. This imprecise approach is like relying on consumers' personal characterization of their driving habits in prior years in determining their likelihood of having an accident in the future."
"Meat is an excellent source of zinc, iron, B12 and other essential vitamins and minerals," the statement continued. "The U.S. Dietary Guidelines say to eat a balanced diet that includes lean meat. In this way, you derive a wide array of nutrients from many different sources. It's the best return on a nutritional investment you can get."
How Much Red Meat is Healthy?
Dr. Michael Thun, vice president emeritus of epidemiology and surveillance research at the American Cancer Society, however, said the study's findings "support previous studies and also support the American Cancer Society nutrition guidelines."
Those guidelines include choosing fish, poultry or beans instead of beef, pork and lamb; choosing leaner cuts of meat; and baking, broiling or poaching meat rather than frying or charbroiling it.
For the study, the researchers looked at what more than a half-million people, ages 50 to 71, were eating over the span of a decade. Participants tended to be white and educated with fewer smokers and more vegetable-and-fruit eaters than in the general population. During that time, more than 71,000 people died.
Men and women eating the highest amount of red meat were found to have a 31 percent and 36 percent, respectively, higher risk of dying from any cause than those eating the least amount.
Women eating the most processed meat were 25 percent more likely to die early than those eating the least of this type of meat, while men had a 16 percent increased risk, the study found.
Causes of death for those in the study included diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, ulcers, pneumonia, influenza, liver disease, HIV, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and more.
Dying from cancer also was more likely among those eating the most red meat: 22 percent higher for men, 20 percent for women. The risk for death from cancer increased 12 percent for men and 11 percent for women who ate the greatest amount of processed meat.
Similarly, the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease was higher by 27 percent for men and 50 percent for women; for processed red meat, the risk was 9 percent higher for men and 38 percent higher for women.
However, people who ate the most white meat showed a lower risk of dying.
The authors also noted a 24 percent higher risk of dying from heart problems among men who had never smoked and who ate more white meat. Women faced a 20 percent higher risk.
Does Red Meat Give You Cancer?
Meat contains many carcinogens as well as saturated fat, which might explain the increased mortality risk, the authors stated.
Dr. Jay Brooks, chairman of hematology/oncology at Ochsner Health System in Baton Rouge, La., described the study's findings as "provocative."
"The question is how much of it is the meat and how much is the extra calories," Brooks said. "Calories per se are a strong determinant for death from cancer and heart disease. This should make us think about our calorie intake."
More information
The American Dietetic Association has more on healthy eating.
SOURCES: Rashmi Sinha, Ph.D., senior investigator, nutrition epidemiological branch, division of cancer epidemiology and genetics, U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.; Michael Thun, M.D., vice president emeritus, epidemiology and surveillance research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta; Jay Brooks, M.D., chairman, hematology/oncology, Ochsner Health System, Baton Rouge, La.; March 23, 2009, statement, American Meat Institute, Washington, D.C.; March 23, 2009, Archives of Internal Medicine
Copyright 2009 HealthDayNews, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Copyright © 2009 ABC News Internet Ventures
In the story that I copied and pasted above, I would say the primary organization method is cause and effect. I have underlined some OWCs and phrases/ sentences that I feel the author used in their article that would help a reader determine this is a cause and effect organized article. I think the author showing a bunch of statistics helped her cause and effect organization method too.
CRCB - Chapter 8 - Textbook Methods of Organization Summary
CRCB – Chapter 8 Textbook Methods of Organization Summary
This chapter teaches the reader on all the different organizational writing methods authors use in textbooks or even articles in the newspaper. These different organizational methods are listing, analytical, cause and effect, comparison and contrast, definition and example and sequence. I learned in this chapter that each of these methods can normally be detected by which OWCs (Organizational Word Clues) are used. Although, reading something like a newspaper article may not include many of these. When an author has a limited amount of space to write in, they would rather save the room for the material, not OWCs. I think that when you are writing something, it goes without question; you must organize your material in some way. If you didn’t, a reader would not be able to follow what you were saying. I think that organizing your writing, at least for myself, is almost done unconsciously. I don’t even realize I am doing it. Or maybe it is just that when I am organizing my writing, I feel like it is second nature to me. Like I said, it is just something that has to be done.
This chapter teaches the reader on all the different organizational writing methods authors use in textbooks or even articles in the newspaper. These different organizational methods are listing, analytical, cause and effect, comparison and contrast, definition and example and sequence. I learned in this chapter that each of these methods can normally be detected by which OWCs (Organizational Word Clues) are used. Although, reading something like a newspaper article may not include many of these. When an author has a limited amount of space to write in, they would rather save the room for the material, not OWCs. I think that when you are writing something, it goes without question; you must organize your material in some way. If you didn’t, a reader would not be able to follow what you were saying. I think that organizing your writing, at least for myself, is almost done unconsciously. I don’t even realize I am doing it. Or maybe it is just that when I am organizing my writing, I feel like it is second nature to me. Like I said, it is just something that has to be done.
TFY - Chapter 10 Fallacies Exercise
TFY Chapter 10 – Fallacies Exercise
Class Discussion – Page 293:
Study the following examples of red herring arguments. For each one, determine (a) the issue and (b) the diversion.
1. TV can’t be harmful to children, because it occupies their attention for hours and keeps them off the streets. (S. Morris Engel, With Good Reason, St. Martin’s Press, 1982)
Issue: TV harmful to children
Diversion: TV keeps the attention of children and keeps them off the streets
2. Those who are so ferociously involved in Mothers Against Drunk Driving would better spend their time in working with A.A. to help alcoholics.
Issue: People involved with Mothers Against Drunk Driving
Diversion: Saying those people should be spending their time working with Alcoholics Anonymous
3. Why are you always nagging at me about the way I drive?
Issue: The way you drive
Diversion: Pointing at the nagging that is being done
4. Person A: I oppose school volunteer programs because they undermine the public school system and give subsidies to rich families who can already afford to send their children to private schools.
Person B: I am not going to engage in class welfare. The real issue here is opportunity.
Issue: School volunteer programs undermining the public school system and giving money to the rich
Diversion: Opportunities
5. When Supreme Court Justice Scalia was asked why he refused to rescue himself in a case involving his duck-hunting friend Dick Cheney, Scalia said, “If a person can be so cheaply influenced, then this country is in a bad way.”
Issue: Supreme Court Justice not removing himself from the court case of a friend of his. Conflict of interest was present.
Diversion: Scalia talking about a person being influenced, leading to this country is in a bad way. Not really answering the question.
6. John Kerry: “Exporting jobs overseas causes job losses in the U.S.”
John Snow, Treasury Secretary: “Not so. The practice of moving American jobs to low-cost countries is part of trade and there can’t be any doubt about the fact that trade makes the economy stronger.”
Issue: Sending America jobs overseas
Diversion: John Snow talking about trade and the economy
Class Discussion – Page 293:
Study the following examples of red herring arguments. For each one, determine (a) the issue and (b) the diversion.
1. TV can’t be harmful to children, because it occupies their attention for hours and keeps them off the streets. (S. Morris Engel, With Good Reason, St. Martin’s Press, 1982)
Issue: TV harmful to children
Diversion: TV keeps the attention of children and keeps them off the streets
2. Those who are so ferociously involved in Mothers Against Drunk Driving would better spend their time in working with A.A. to help alcoholics.
Issue: People involved with Mothers Against Drunk Driving
Diversion: Saying those people should be spending their time working with Alcoholics Anonymous
3. Why are you always nagging at me about the way I drive?
Issue: The way you drive
Diversion: Pointing at the nagging that is being done
4. Person A: I oppose school volunteer programs because they undermine the public school system and give subsidies to rich families who can already afford to send their children to private schools.
Person B: I am not going to engage in class welfare. The real issue here is opportunity.
Issue: School volunteer programs undermining the public school system and giving money to the rich
Diversion: Opportunities
5. When Supreme Court Justice Scalia was asked why he refused to rescue himself in a case involving his duck-hunting friend Dick Cheney, Scalia said, “If a person can be so cheaply influenced, then this country is in a bad way.”
Issue: Supreme Court Justice not removing himself from the court case of a friend of his. Conflict of interest was present.
Diversion: Scalia talking about a person being influenced, leading to this country is in a bad way. Not really answering the question.
6. John Kerry: “Exporting jobs overseas causes job losses in the U.S.”
John Snow, Treasury Secretary: “Not so. The practice of moving American jobs to low-cost countries is part of trade and there can’t be any doubt about the fact that trade makes the economy stronger.”
Issue: Sending America jobs overseas
Diversion: John Snow talking about trade and the economy
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